As children enter their pre-teen years, they often develop a keen interest in creative pursuits like videography. This age group, commonly referred to as tweens, is at a stage where they are eager to explore their artistic side and express themselves through various forms of media. With the rise of social media platforms and online content creation, it’s no surprise that many tweens are looking to capture high-quality videos to share with their friends and family. Whether they’re looking to create their own vlogs, record school events, or simply have fun making videos with friends, having the right equipment is essential.
Finding the perfect camera for this age group can be a daunting task, especially with the numerous options available in the market. The best video cameras for tweens should be easy to use, durable, and capable of capturing excellent video quality. They should also be affordable and come with features that cater to their needs and skill levels. In this article, we will guide you through the process of selecting a suitable camera for your tween, highlighting the key factors to consider and reviewing some of the top models that are perfect for this age group. By the end of this article, you’ll be well-equipped to make an informed decision and help your tween unleash their creativity and take their videography skills to the next level.
Before we get into the review of the best video cameras for tweens, here are some related products from Amazon to explore:
No products found.
Introduction to Video Cameras for Young Minds
Video cameras have become an essential tool for kids to express their creativity and capture memories. With the advancement in technology, video cameras have become more accessible and user-friendly, making them an excellent gift for tweens. These young minds can use video cameras to record their daily lives, create short films, or even start their own YouTube channels. The options available in the market can be overwhelming, but with the right guidance, parents can find the perfect camera for their child.
When it comes to choosing a video camera for a tween, there are several factors to consider. The camera should be easy to use, durable, and have good video quality. Additionally, it should be affordable and have features that cater to the child’s interests. Some video cameras come with special effects, editing software, and even Wi-Fi connectivity, making it easy for kids to share their videos with friends and family. With so many options available, it’s essential to research and compare different models before making a purchase.
The best video cameras for tweens are designed to be fun and interactive, while also teaching them valuable skills such as storytelling, editing, and cinematography. These cameras can help tweens develop their creativity and self-expression, while also providing a platform for them to share their ideas and talents with others. Whether your child is interested in making music videos, filming sports, or creating vlogs, there’s a video camera out there that can help them achieve their goals.
In the world of video cameras, there are many options to choose from, and it can be challenging to find the right one for your child. However, by considering their interests, skill level, and needs, you can find a camera that will inspire them to create and express themselves. With the right video camera, your tween can unlock their full potential and develop a lifelong passion for filmmaking and storytelling. By exploring the various options available, you can find the perfect camera that will help your child become the next big thing in the world of video production.
The Best Video Cameras For Tweens
Canon Vixia HF R800 123456
The Canon Vixia HF R800 123456 is an excellent video camera for tweens, offering a range of features that make it perfect for capturing memories and creating content. With its compact design and lightweight body, this camera is easy to carry around and can be taken on the go. The camera also features a 3.28MP CMOS sensor and a DIGIC DV 4 image processor, which work together to deliver high-quality video and images. Additionally, the camera has a 57x advanced zoom lens, which allows for capturing distant subjects with ease.
The Canon Vixia HF R800 123456 also has a number of other features that make it a great choice for tweens, including image stabilization, which helps to reduce camera shake and blur. The camera also has a variety of recording modes, including MP4 and AVCHD, and can record video in full HD at 60p. The camera’s 3-inch LCD screen makes it easy to preview and review footage, and the camera’s battery life is long-lasting, allowing for hours of recording time. Overall, the Canon Vixia HF R800 123456 is a great choice for tweens who want a high-quality video camera that is easy to use and fun to operate.
GoPro Hero8 Black 789012
The GoPro Hero8 Black 789012 is a rugged and versatile video camera that is perfect for tweens who love adventure and action. With its waterproof design and durable construction, this camera can withstand rough handling and harsh environments, making it perfect for capturing footage on the go. The camera also features a 12MP sensor and a GP1 processor, which work together to deliver high-quality video and images. Additionally, the camera has a wide range of features, including hyperSmooth stabilization, live streaming, and time-lapse photography.
The GoPro Hero8 Black 789012 also has a number of other features that make it a great choice for tweens, including a 2-inch touchscreen LCD, which makes it easy to preview and review footage. The camera also has a variety of mounting options, including a built-in mount and a range of accessories, which make it easy to attach the camera to a helmet, bike, or other object. The camera’s battery life is also long-lasting, allowing for hours of recording time, and the camera’s Wi-Fi connectivity makes it easy to transfer footage to a computer or mobile device. Overall, the GoPro Hero8 Black 789012 is a great choice for tweens who want a rugged and versatile video camera that can keep up with their active lifestyle.
Sony HDR-CX405 345678
The Sony HDR-CX405 345678 is a high-quality video camera that is perfect for tweens who want to capture stunning video and images. With its 2.29MP Exmor R CMOS sensor and a BIONZ X processor, this camera delivers excellent low-light performance and fast autofocus. The camera also features a 30x optical zoom lens, which allows for capturing distant subjects with ease, and a 3-inch LCD screen, which makes it easy to preview and review footage. Additionally, the camera has a range of features, including image stabilization, face detection, and a built-in microphone.
The Sony HDR-CX405 345678 also has a number of other features that make it a great choice for tweens, including a range of recording modes, including MP4 and AVCHD, and the ability to record video in full HD at 60p. The camera’s battery life is also long-lasting, allowing for hours of recording time, and the camera’s Wi-Fi connectivity makes it easy to transfer footage to a computer or mobile device. The camera’s compact design and lightweight body also make it easy to carry around, and the camera’s intuitive interface makes it easy to use, even for beginners. Overall, the Sony HDR-CX405 345678 is a great choice for tweens who want a high-quality video camera that is easy to use and delivers excellent results.
Panasonic HC-V770 901234
The Panasonic HC-V770 901234 is a high-quality video camera that is perfect for tweens who want to capture stunning video and images. With its 2.51MP BSI sensor and a Crystal Engine 4K processor, this camera delivers excellent low-light performance and fast autofocus. The camera also features a 20x optical zoom lens, which allows for capturing distant subjects with ease, and a 3-inch LCD screen, which makes it easy to preview and review footage. Additionally, the camera has a range of features, including image stabilization, face detection, and a built-in microphone.
The Panasonic HC-V770 901234 also has a number of other features that make it a great choice for tweens, including a range of recording modes, including MP4 and AVCHD, and the ability to record video in full HD at 60p. The camera’s battery life is also long-lasting, allowing for hours of recording time, and the camera’s Wi-Fi connectivity makes it easy to transfer footage to a computer or mobile device. The camera’s compact design and lightweight body also make it easy to carry around, and the camera’s intuitive interface makes it easy to use, even for beginners. The camera also has a range of creative features, including slow-motion video and time-lapse photography, which make it fun to use and experiment with. Overall, the Panasonic HC-V770 901234 is a great choice for tweens who want a high-quality video camera that is easy to use and delivers excellent results.
Kodak Pixpro SP360 111111
The Kodak Pixpro SP360 111111 is a unique and versatile video camera that is perfect for tweens who want to capture stunning 360-degree video and images. With its 12MP CMOS sensor and a proprietary processor, this camera delivers excellent image quality and fast performance. The camera also features a 360-degree lens, which allows for capturing a wide range of scenes and subjects, and a 1.04-inch LCD screen, which makes it easy to preview and review footage. Additionally, the camera has a range of features, including image stabilization, face detection, and a built-in microphone.
The Kodak Pixpro SP360 111111 also has a number of other features that make it a great choice for tweens, including a range of recording modes, including MP4 and H.264, and the ability to record video in full HD at 30p. The camera’s battery life is also long-lasting, allowing for hours of recording time, and the camera’s Wi-Fi connectivity makes it easy to transfer footage to a computer or mobile device. The camera’s compact design and lightweight body also make it easy to carry around, and the camera’s intuitive interface makes it easy to use, even for beginners. The camera also has a range of creative features, including slow-motion video and time-lapse photography, which make it fun to use and experiment with. Overall, the Kodak Pixpro SP360 111111 is a great choice for tweens who want a unique and versatile video camera that can capture stunning 360-degree video and images.
Why Tweens Need Video Cameras
As children enter the pre-teen years, they often develop a strong interest in creative pursuits like filmmaking and videography. Buying a video camera for a tween can be an excellent way to encourage this interest and provide them with a fun and engaging hobby. With a video camera, tweens can express their creativity, develop their storytelling skills, and even create their own short films or videos to share with friends and family.
Having a video camera can also help tweens develop important skills like critical thinking, problem-solving, and collaboration. When working on a video project, they will need to plan, script, and edit their footage, which can help improve their organizational and time management skills. Additionally, making videos can be a great way for tweens to document their lives, capture memories, and reflect on their experiences.
When choosing a video camera for a tween, there are several factors to consider, such as the camera’s ease of use, image quality, and durability. Parents should look for cameras that are specifically designed for kids or beginners, with features like simple menus, sturdy construction, and good low-light performance. Some of the best video cameras for tweens are designed with these factors in mind, making it easy for young filmmakers to get started and produce high-quality videos.
Overall, buying a video camera for a tween can be a great investment in their creative development and future interests. With the right camera, they can learn new skills, express themselves creatively, and have fun making videos with friends and family. As they grow and develop their skills, they may even discover a passion for filmmaking or videography that can stay with them for years to come.
Key Features to Consider When Choosing a Video Camera for Tweens
When selecting a video camera for tweens, there are several key features to consider. One of the most important features is the camera’s resolution. A higher resolution will result in clearer and more detailed videos. Additionally, the camera’s frame rate is also crucial, as it determines how smooth the video will be. Other features to consider include the camera’s zoom capabilities, image stabilization, and low-light performance.
The camera’s durability is also an essential factor to consider. Tweens can be rough on their belongings, so it’s crucial to choose a camera that can withstand rough handling. Look for cameras with rugged designs and shock-resistant materials. Furthermore, consider the camera’s battery life and whether it can be easily charged or replaced. A camera with a long battery life will allow tweens to record videos for extended periods without interruption.
Another critical feature to consider is the camera’s ease of use. Tweens should be able to easily operate the camera and navigate its menus. Look for cameras with intuitive interfaces and simple controls. Some cameras also come with features like automatic settings and scene detection, which can help tweens capture high-quality videos without needing to adjust complex settings.
In terms of connectivity, consider a camera that can easily connect to a computer or other devices. This will allow tweens to transfer their videos and share them with others. Some cameras also come with built-in Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, which can enable wireless transfer and sharing. By considering these key features, you can choose a video camera that meets the needs of tweens and helps them capture high-quality videos.
Benefits of Using a Video Camera for Tweens
Using a video camera can have numerous benefits for tweens. One of the most significant benefits is that it can help develop their creativity and self-expression. By allowing tweens to create their own videos, you can encourage them to think outside the box and explore their imagination. Video cameras can also help tweens develop their storytelling skills, as they learn to plan, script, and edit their videos.
Another benefit of using a video camera is that it can help tweens develop their technical skills. By learning to operate a camera and edit videos, tweens can gain valuable experience with technology and develop skills that can be useful in the future. Additionally, video cameras can help tweens build their confidence and self-esteem, as they create and share their videos with others.
Video cameras can also be a great way to encourage tweens to get involved in extracurricular activities, such as filmmaking or videography. Many schools and community centers offer programs and workshops that teach video production skills, and having a video camera can help tweens participate in these activities. Furthermore, video cameras can be a great way to document special events and memories, such as birthday parties, vacations, and holidays.
In terms of educational benefits, video cameras can be a valuable tool for tweens to learn about history, science, and other subjects. By creating videos about these topics, tweens can develop a deeper understanding and retention of the material. Video cameras can also be used to create educational videos, such as tutorials or how-to guides, which can help tweens develop their communication and teaching skills.
Popular Types of Video Cameras for Tweens
There are several types of video cameras that are popular among tweens. One of the most popular types is the action camera, which is small, rugged, and designed for capturing footage in a variety of environments. Action cameras are great for tweens who enjoy sports, outdoor activities, or travel, as they can be easily attached to helmets, bikes, or other objects.
Another popular type of video camera is the handheld camera, which is designed for capturing footage on the go. Handheld cameras are great for tweens who enjoy filmmaking, vlogging, or documenting everyday life. They are often small and lightweight, making them easy to carry around. Some handheld cameras also come with features like image stabilization and zoom, which can help tweens capture high-quality footage.
Camcorders are also a popular type of video camera for tweens. Camcorders are designed for capturing high-quality video and often come with features like optical zoom, image stabilization, and manual controls. They are great for tweens who enjoy filmmaking, videography, or documenting special events. Some camcorders also come with built-in microphones and speakers, which can enhance the audio quality of the video.
In addition to these types of cameras, there are also many other options available, such as smartphone cameras, tablet cameras, and 360-degree cameras. Each type of camera has its own unique features and benefits, and the best type of camera for a tween will depend on their individual needs and interests. By considering the different types of cameras available, you can choose the best one for your tween.
Tips for Tweens to Get the Most Out of Their Video Camera
To get the most out of their video camera, tweens should start by reading the manual and understanding the camera’s features and settings. It’s also essential to practice using the camera and experimenting with different techniques, such as panning, zooming, and framing. Tweens should also learn about the basics of videography, such as lighting, sound, and editing.
Another tip for tweens is to plan and script their videos before filming. This can help them develop their storytelling skills and ensure that their videos are well-structured and engaging. Tweens should also consider using a tripod or other stabilizing device to keep the camera steady and reduce shake. Additionally, they should pay attention to the audio quality and use an external microphone if possible.
In terms of editing, tweens can use video editing software to enhance their videos and add effects, transitions, and music. Many video editing programs are designed specifically for beginners and offer user-friendly interfaces and tutorials. Tweens can also share their videos on social media or video sharing platforms, such as YouTube or Vimeo, to get feedback and connect with other videographers.
To take their videography skills to the next level, tweens can also consider taking online courses or workshops, joining a filmmaking club or community, or participating in video contests and competitions. By following these tips and practicing regularly, tweens can develop their skills and create high-quality videos that they can be proud of. With patience, creativity, and practice, tweens can unlock the full potential of their video camera and become skilled videographers.
Buying Guide for Best Video Cameras For Tweens
When it comes to choosing a video camera for tweens, there are several factors to consider. Tweens are at an age where they are developing their interests and skills, and a video camera can be a great way to encourage their creativity and self-expression. With so many options available in the market, it can be overwhelming to decide which one to buy. In this guide, we will discuss the key factors to consider when buying a video camera for tweens.
Age and Skill Level
The age and skill level of the tween are crucial factors to consider when buying a video camera. Tweens at a younger age may require a camera that is easy to use and has a simple interface, while older tweens may be able to handle more advanced features. It’s essential to consider the tween’s experience with technology and their ability to understand and operate the camera. A camera with a user-friendly interface and intuitive controls can help build their confidence and encourage them to experiment with different features and settings.
When considering the age and skill level of the tween, it’s also important to think about the type of content they will be creating. If they are interested in making simple videos, a basic camera with good image quality may be sufficient. However, if they are interested in making more complex videos with special effects and editing, a more advanced camera with manual controls and advanced features may be necessary. By considering the tween’s age and skill level, you can choose a camera that meets their needs and helps them develop their skills and interests.
Image Quality
Image quality is a critical factor to consider when buying a video camera for tweens. The camera should be able to capture high-quality video with good resolution, color, and sound. A camera with full HD or 4K resolution can provide excellent image quality, while a camera with lower resolution may not be able to capture the same level of detail. It’s also important to consider the camera’s low-light performance, as tweens may be filming in a variety of lighting conditions.
When evaluating image quality, it’s also important to consider the camera’s sensor size and type. A camera with a larger sensor can capture more light and provide better image quality, while a camera with a smaller sensor may struggle in low-light conditions. Additionally, some cameras may have features such as image stabilization, which can help reduce camera shake and provide smoother video. By considering the image quality and features of the camera, you can choose a camera that meets the tween’s needs and provides excellent video quality.
Camera Type
The type of camera is another important factor to consider when buying a video camera for tweens. There are several types of cameras available, including action cameras, camcorders, and mirrorless cameras. Action cameras are small, rugged, and waterproof, making them ideal for filming sports and outdoor activities. Camcorders are designed specifically for video recording and often have features such as image stabilization and zoom. Mirrorless cameras are more advanced and offer interchangeable lenses, making them ideal for tweens who are serious about photography and videography.
When choosing a camera type, it’s essential to consider the tween’s interests and needs. If they are interested in filming sports and outdoor activities, an action camera may be the best choice. If they are interested in making more traditional videos, a camcorder may be a better option. If they are interested in photography and videography, a mirrorless camera may be the best choice. By considering the camera type and features, you can choose a camera that meets the tween’s needs and provides the best video quality.
Additional Features
Additional features are an important factor to consider when buying a video camera for tweens. Some cameras may have features such as Wi-Fi connectivity, GPS, and touch screens, which can enhance the user experience and provide more creative options. Wi-Fi connectivity can allow tweens to transfer their videos to their devices and share them on social media, while GPS can provide location data and allow for geotagging. Touch screens can make it easier to navigate the camera’s menu and adjust settings.
When evaluating additional features, it’s essential to consider the tween’s needs and interests. If they are interested in sharing their videos on social media, Wi-Fi connectivity may be a must-have feature. If they are interested in filming in different locations, GPS may be a useful feature. If they are interested in having more creative control, a touch screen may be a useful feature. By considering the additional features and how they can enhance the user experience, you can choose a camera that meets the tween’s needs and provides the best value.
Brand and Reputation
The brand and reputation of the camera manufacturer are important factors to consider when buying a video camera for tweens. Reputable brands such as Sony, Canon, and Nikon offer high-quality cameras with excellent image quality and features. These brands often have a wide range of cameras available, from basic to advanced, and offer good customer support and warranty options. Additionally, reputable brands often have a wide range of accessories and lenses available, which can enhance the user experience and provide more creative options.
When evaluating the brand and reputation of the camera manufacturer, it’s essential to research and read reviews from other customers. Look for cameras that have good ratings and reviews, and consider the manufacturer’s customer support and warranty options. Additionally, consider the price and value of the camera, as well as any additional features or accessories that may be included. By considering the brand and reputation of the camera manufacturer, you can choose a camera that meets the tween’s needs and provides the best value, and is one of the best video cameras for tweens.
Price and Value
The price and value of the camera are important factors to consider when buying a video camera for tweens. Cameras can range in price from under $100 to over $1000, depending on the features and quality. It’s essential to consider the tween’s needs and budget when choosing a camera, as well as the value that the camera provides. A camera that is priced too high may not be the best value, while a camera that is priced too low may not have the features and quality that the tween needs.
When evaluating the price and value of the camera, it’s essential to consider the features and quality of the camera, as well as any additional accessories or lenses that may be included. Additionally, consider the warranty and customer support options, as well as any additional costs such as batteries or memory cards. By considering the price and value of the camera, you can choose a camera that meets the tween’s needs and provides the best value, and helps them develop their skills and interests in videography.
FAQs
What features should I look for in a video camera for my tween?
When choosing a video camera for your tween, there are several features to consider. First, think about the level of complexity your child can handle. If they’re just starting out, a simple point-and-shoot camera might be the best option. On the other hand, if they’re more experienced, you may want to look for a camera with more advanced features like manual focus and exposure control.
Additionally, consider the type of videos your child will be making. If they’ll be recording a lot of action shots, look for a camera with image stabilization and a wide-angle lens. If they’ll be recording in low-light environments, look for a camera with good low-light sensitivity. You should also think about the camera’s durability and whether it’s waterproof or shockproof. Finally, consider the camera’s connectivity options and whether it can easily transfer videos to a computer or smartphone.
What is the best video camera for a beginner tween?
For a beginner tween, a simple and easy-to-use camera is essential. Look for a camera with a user-friendly interface and automatic settings that can help them get started quickly. Some popular options for beginner tweens include the Canon Vixia and the Sony HDR-CX405. These cameras are both compact and lightweight, making them easy to carry around, and they have a variety of features like image stabilization and face detection that can help your child take high-quality videos.
Another option to consider is the GoPro Hero, which is a great choice for kids who love action sports. The GoPro is waterproof and shockproof, making it perfect for recording videos in a variety of environments. It’s also very small and lightweight, making it easy to attach to a helmet or bike. Additionally, the GoPro has a wide-angle lens and image stabilization, which can help your child capture smooth and steady footage. Overall, the best camera for a beginner tween will depend on their interests and skill level, so be sure to do some research and read reviews before making a decision.
How much should I spend on a video camera for my tween?
The amount you should spend on a video camera for your tween will depend on their level of interest and experience. If they’re just starting out, you may not want to spend too much money on a camera. In this case, you can find some great options for under $200. These cameras may not have all the bells and whistles, but they can still take high-quality videos and are a great way to introduce your child to the world of video production.
On the other hand, if your child is more serious about making videos, you may want to consider spending a bit more money. Mid-range cameras that cost between $200 and $500 can offer a lot of advanced features like 4K resolution, image stabilization, and manual focus. These cameras can provide your child with more creative control and can help them take their videos to the next level. Finally, if your child is very experienced and serious about video production, you may want to consider spending over $500 on a high-end camera. These cameras can offer professional-level features and can help your child produce high-quality videos that rival those of professionals.
What are the benefits of using a video camera for tweens?
Using a video camera can have a number of benefits for tweens. First, it can help them develop their creative skills and express themselves in a new and exciting way. Making videos can also help tweens develop their critical thinking and problem-solving skills, as they learn to plan, shoot, and edit their videos. Additionally, using a video camera can help tweens build their confidence and self-esteem, as they see their creations come to life and share them with others.
Another benefit of using a video camera is that it can provide a fun and engaging way for tweens to learn about technology and storytelling. Many video cameras come with built-in editing software, which can help tweens learn about the basics of video production and post-production. Additionally, making videos can help tweens develop their communication skills, as they learn to convey their ideas and messages to others through the medium of video. Overall, using a video camera can be a great way to encourage creativity, self-expression, and learning in tweens.
Can I use a smartphone as a video camera for my tween?
While smartphones can take high-quality videos, they may not be the best option for a tween who is serious about video production. First, smartphones can be fragile and may not be able to withstand the rough handling that kids can sometimes give them. Additionally, smartphones often have limited manual controls and may not be able to capture the same level of detail and quality as a dedicated video camera.
That being said, if your tween is just starting out and wants to try their hand at making videos, a smartphone can be a great option. Many smartphones have high-quality cameras and built-in editing software, which can make it easy for kids to get started with video production. Additionally, smartphones are often more convenient and accessible than dedicated video cameras, which can make them a great option for kids who want to make videos on the go. However, if your child is serious about video production, it’s worth considering investing in a dedicated video camera that can provide more advanced features and better image quality.
How do I choose the right resolution for my tween’s video camera?
When choosing a video camera for your tween, resolution is an important factor to consider. The resolution of a camera refers to the number of pixels it can capture, and it can have a big impact on the quality of the videos it produces. For most tweens, a camera with 1080p resolution (1920 x 1080 pixels) will be sufficient. This resolution can provide high-quality videos that are perfect for sharing on social media or watching on a TV.
However, if your child is more serious about video production, you may want to consider a camera with 4K resolution (3840 x 2160 pixels). 4K resolution can provide even higher quality videos with more detail and clarity. Additionally, 4K resolution can be beneficial if your child wants to crop in on their footage or add text and graphics, as it can provide a more detailed and flexible image. On the other hand, 4K resolution can also require more storage space and processing power, so be sure to consider these factors when choosing a camera.
Are there any safety precautions I should take when my tween is using a video camera?
When your tween is using a video camera, there are several safety precautions you should take. First, make sure they understand how to handle the camera safely and avoid dropping it or exposing it to water. You should also teach them about the importance of respecting people’s privacy and obtaining permission before recording them. Additionally, you should set boundaries and guidelines for what types of content are acceptable to record and share.
Another safety precaution to consider is the potential for cyberbullying or online harassment. If your child is sharing their videos online, make sure they understand how to protect themselves and their privacy. You should also monitor their online activity and make sure they’re not engaging in any behavior that could put them at risk. Finally, consider setting up parental controls on their device to limit their access to certain types of content and restrict their ability to share videos with strangers. By taking these precautions, you can help your child stay safe and have a positive experience with video production.
Final Verdict
In today’s digital age, it’s essential for young creatives to have access to high-quality equipment that fosters their imagination and skill development. Investing in a suitable camera can make a significant difference in their learning journey, allowing them to express themselves and capture life’s precious moments with clarity and precision. By considering factors such as image quality, durability, and user-friendliness, parents and guardians can make informed decisions that cater to the unique needs of their tween.
When it comes to empowering the next generation of content creators, choosing the best video cameras for tweens is crucial. With the numerous options available in the market, it’s vital to prioritize features that promote ease of use, creativity, and fun. By selecting a camera that aligns with their interests and skill level, tweens can unlock their full potential, develop their passion for videography, and create unforgettable memories. With the right camera in hand, the possibilities are endless, and the journey to creative expression and self-discovery can begin.